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A lucid dream is any dream in which one is aware that one is dreaming. In relation to this phenomenon, Greek philosopher Aristotle observed: "often when one is asleep, there is something in consciousness which declares that what then presents itself is but a dream".〔 One of the earliest references to personal experiences with lucid dreaming was by Marie-Jean-Léon, Marquis d'Hervey de Saint Denys. The person acknowledged as having coined the term is Dutch psychiatrist and writer Frederik (Willem) van Eeden (1860–1932).〔 In a lucid dream, the dreamer has greater chances to exert some degree of control over their participation within the dream or be able to manipulate their imaginary experiences in the dream environment. Lucid dreams can be realistic and vivid.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Lucid Dreaming Frequently Asked Questions Answered by Lucidity Institute )〕 It is shown that there are higher amounts of beta-1 frequency band (13–19 Hz) brain wave activity experienced by lucid dreamers, hence there is an increased amount of activity in the parietal lobes making lucid dreaming a conscious process. Skeptics of the phenomenon suggest that it is not a state of sleep, but of brief wakefulness.〔〔 Others point out that there is no way to prove the truth of lucid dreaming other than to ask the dreamer.〔 Lucid dreaming has been researched scientifically, with participants performing pre-determined physical responses while experiencing a lucid dream. ==Scientific history== The first book to recognize the scientific potential of lucid dreams was Marquis d'Hervey de Saint-Denys's 1867 ''Les Reves et Les Moyens de Les Diriger: Observations Pratiques''.〔D'Hervey de Saint-Denys, Les Reves et Les Moyens de Les Diriger: Observations Pratiques, Paris/Amyot.〕 This French publication, originally published anonymously, translates as 'Dreams and the ways to direct them: practical observations'. It accounts for Saint-Denys' own experiences, but made also an extensive study of the phenomenon of lucid dreaming. Later, researcher Celia Green's 1968 study ''Lucid Dreams''.〔Green, C., Lucid Dreams, London: Hamish Hamilton.〕 analyzed the main characteristics of such dreams, reviewing previously published literature on the subject and incorporating new data from participants of her own. She concluded that lucid dreams were a category of experience quite distinct from ordinary dreams, and predicted that they would turn out to be associated with rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep). Green was also the first to link lucid dreams to the phenomenon of false awakenings. Philosopher Norman Malcolm's 1959 text ''Dreaming''〔Malcolm, N., Dreaming, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1959.〕 had argued against the possibility of checking the accuracy of dream reports. He points out "The only criterion of the truth of a statement that someone has had a certain dream is, essentially, his saying so".〔 The realization that eye movements performed in dreams may affect the dreamer's physical eyes provided a way to prove that actions agreed upon during waking life could be recalled and performed once lucid in a dream. The first evidence of this type was produced in the late 1970s by British parapsychologist Keith Hearne. A volunteer named Alan Worsley used eye movements to signal the onset of lucidity, which were recorded by a polysomnograph machine. Hearne's results were not widely distributed. The first peer-reviewed article was published some years later by Stephen LaBerge at Stanford University, who had independently developed a similar technique as part of his doctoral dissertation.〔Laberge, S. (1980). Lucid dreaming: An exploratory study of consciousness during sleep. (PhD thesis, Stanford University, 1980), (University Microfilms No. 80-24, 691)〕 During the 1980s, further scientific evidence of lucid dreaming was produced as lucid dreamers were able to demonstrate to researchers that they were consciously aware of being in a dream state (again, primarily using eye movement signals).〔LaBerge, Stephen (1990). in Bootzin, R.R., Kihlstrom, J.F. & Schacter, D.L., (Eds.): Lucid Dreaming: Psychophysiological Studies of Consciousness during REM Sleep Sleep and Cognition. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, pp. 109–126.〕 Additionally, techniques were developed that have been experimentally proven to enhance the likelihood of achieving this state.〔LaBerge, Stephen; Levitan, Lynne (1995). "Validity Established of DreamLight Cues for Eliciting Lucid Dreaming". Dreaming 5 (3). International Association for the Study of Dreams.〕 Paul Tholey, an oneirologist and Gestalt theorist laid the epistemological basis for the research of lucid dreams. His work laid the foreground for further researchers to categorize what a lucid dream is. Tholey (1980, 1981) defined seven different conditions of clarity that a dream must fulfill in order to be defined as a lucid dream: # Awareness of the dream state (orientation); # Awareness of the capacity to make decisions; # Awareness of memory functions; # Awareness of self; # Awareness of the dream environment; # Awareness of the meaning of the dream; # Awareness of concentration and focus (the subjective clarity of that state). For a dream to be lucid as defined by Tholey, it must fulfill all seven factors together. Tholey replaces the word ‘Klarheit’ (clarity) with the word ‘awareness’, which is a well known and central term in Gestalt therapy theory and describes the subjective experience of the conscious dream state quite well (Lucid dreaming – dreams of clarity). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lucid dream」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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